Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2022 12 22 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Strong Ground Motion Assessment in Southwest Alborz, Iran Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Strong Ground Motion Assessment in Southwest Alborz, Iran 311 323 91452 10.22059/jhsci.2023.353115.760 FA Fereshteh Pourmohammad Department of Geophysics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Zare Department of Engineering Seismology, International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Department of Geophysics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Arezou Dorostian Department of Geophysics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Bahram Akasheh Department of Geophysics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Mojarab Department of Mining Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Tehran University. Department of Geophysics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 29 Introduction A significance of seismic studies is that the correct seismic analysis of any type (seismic hazard analysis, seismic risk analysis, ground seismic response analysis, seismic site effects, and structural dynamic analysis) can offer useful economic parameters and avoid conservative design and implementation, which lead to an irrational increase in project costs and poor implementation, which in turn causes increased risk and possibility of destruction. According to the seismotectonic map of Iran (Berberian, 1976), earthquakes in Alborz are shallow. There are also some intermediate earthquakes, and overall, the eastern Alborz is more earthquake prone than the western Alborz [1]. Materials and Methods The maximum magnitude (Mmax) is usually estimated based on the general characteristics of seismic activity and geological similarities. In applied studies, Mmax is often estimated based on correlation of seismic magnitude and different fault parameters such as rupture, fracture surface area, maximum surface displacement, and seismic moment release rate. Multiple correlations have been proposed to relate these parameters and the earthquakes magnitude. (Table 1) shows some correlations by different scholars. Correlations in (Table 1) were used to calculate the maximum empirical magnitude [3]. Table 1. Correlations between the earthquake magnitude and different fault parameters Correlation Proposed by No. Ms=5.4+LogLR Mohajer and Nowroozi (1978) 1 Mw=3.66+0.91LnLR Zare (1995) 2 Ms: Surface wave magnitude Lf: Fault length (km) Mw: Moment magnitude LR: Rupture length (km) Seismicity Parameter Estimation The K-S method was used to achieve seismicity parameters within the scope of this study [2]. Discussion and Results The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis were calculated using attenuation relationships Zare 1999 [4], Ambraseys 1995, Boore, Joyner and Fumal 1981in studying region. These results are presented in (Table 2) and (Table 3). Table 2. strong vertical ground motion Return period H.PGA(g) 475 0.25 2475 0.44 Table 3. strong Horizontal ground motion Return period H.PGA(g) 475 0.42 2475 0.70 Conclusion The recent Malard Earthquake with a magnitude of 5.2 on the Richter scale and multiple earthquakes with magnitudes above 4 have increased the importance of seismic studies in the region. Seismic hazard studies are among the key preliminary urban development studies for preventing seismic vulnerability. The identification of seismic source zones is closely related to development infrastructure in any region. The results of these studies are widely used in vital projects such as water, gas, oil transmission lines, dam and airport construction, and residential development, and overlooking them may cause great damages. The earthquake hazard analysis based on the accurate location of seismic zones will provide more reliable results. The investigation of the region under study, its history of seismicity, and the recent earthquakes indicate the existence of seismic activity in the region. Considering the shallow depth of earthquakes, the intensity of earthquakes occurred in the region is high. Moreover, the calculation of β and λ parameters (ranging from 6.2 to 7.6) shows the seismicity of the region, indicating the need for observing safety measures in the constructions in the region. As mentioned earlier, the recent seismic activities and earthquakes in the region have doubled the importance of seismic studies and measures for strengthening seismic stations in the region. Moreover, the review of seismic catalogs show that the study area has been inactive over the past few decades and hence its sudden activity is quite significant. Also according to the calculations, Alborz Province is located in highly active seismic zone. Introduction A significance of seismic studies is that the correct seismic analysis of any type (seismic hazard analysis, seismic risk analysis, ground seismic response analysis, seismic site effects, and structural dynamic analysis) can offer useful economic parameters and avoid conservative design and implementation, which lead to an irrational increase in project costs and poor implementation, which in turn causes increased risk and possibility of destruction. According to the seismotectonic map of Iran (Berberian, 1976), earthquakes in Alborz are shallow. There are also some intermediate earthquakes, and overall, the eastern Alborz is more earthquake prone than the western Alborz [1]. Materials and Methods The maximum magnitude (Mmax) is usually estimated based on the general characteristics of seismic activity and geological similarities. In applied studies, Mmax is often estimated based on correlation of seismic magnitude and different fault parameters such as rupture, fracture surface area, maximum surface displacement, and seismic moment release rate. Multiple correlations have been proposed to relate these parameters and the earthquakes magnitude. (Table 1) shows some correlations by different scholars. Correlations in (Table 1) were used to calculate the maximum empirical magnitude [3]. Table 1. Correlations between the earthquake magnitude and different fault parameters Correlation Proposed by No. Ms=5.4+LogLR Mohajer and Nowroozi (1978) 1 Mw=3.66+0.91LnLR Zare (1995) 2 Ms: Surface wave magnitude Lf: Fault length (km) Mw: Moment magnitude LR: Rupture length (km) Seismicity Parameter Estimation The K-S method was used to achieve seismicity parameters within the scope of this study [2]. Discussion and Results The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis were calculated using attenuation relationships Zare 1999 [4], Ambraseys 1995, Boore, Joyner and Fumal 1981in studying region. These results are presented in (Table 2) and (Table 3). Table 2. strong vertical ground motion Return period H.PGA(g) 475 0.25 2475 0.44 Table 3. strong Horizontal ground motion Return period H.PGA(g) 475 0.42 2475 0.70 Conclusion The recent Malard Earthquake with a magnitude of 5.2 on the Richter scale and multiple earthquakes with magnitudes above 4 have increased the importance of seismic studies in the region. Seismic hazard studies are among the key preliminary urban development studies for preventing seismic vulnerability. The identification of seismic source zones is closely related to development infrastructure in any region. The results of these studies are widely used in vital projects such as water, gas, oil transmission lines, dam and airport construction, and residential development, and overlooking them may cause great damages. The earthquake hazard analysis based on the accurate location of seismic zones will provide more reliable results. The investigation of the region under study, its history of seismicity, and the recent earthquakes indicate the existence of seismic activity in the region. Considering the shallow depth of earthquakes, the intensity of earthquakes occurred in the region is high. Moreover, the calculation of β and λ parameters (ranging from 6.2 to 7.6) shows the seismicity of the region, indicating the need for observing safety measures in the constructions in the region. As mentioned earlier, the recent seismic activities and earthquakes in the region have doubled the importance of seismic studies and measures for strengthening seismic stations in the region. Moreover, the review of seismic catalogs show that the study area has been inactive over the past few decades and hence its sudden activity is quite significant. Also according to the calculations, Alborz Province is located in highly active seismic zone.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91452_81b0ca19ce53746bc6395804807427a1.pdf

Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2022 12 22 The impact of population dynamics on environmental hazards and issues: A scoping review The impact of population dynamics on environmental hazards and issues: A scoping review 325 339 91453 10.22059/jhsci.2023.354442.763 FA Mohhamad Jalal Abbasi Shavazi Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; and Visiting Fellow Professor, School of Demography, Australian National University , Canberra, Australia Habib Allah Sadeghi Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5578-332X Journal Article 2023 01 27 Human population dynamics is the central question of the causes and consequences of environmental changes. As a result, without taking social and demographic changes into account, it is impossible to have an integrated and reliable assessment of future environmental changes in order to manage natural hazards. The current study uses the scoping review method and time study analysis to investigate and evaluate the concept of "environment" in the existing literature in the field of demography from 2000 to 2022. The results revealed that the contribution of these studies increased from 0.5% to 4% during the period. Furthermore, such variables as household dynamics, gender structure, urban population distribution, the effect of migration on the environment, age structure, educational composition, the effect of migration on the environment, and rural population distribution have been covered as the most important demographic components of the effects in 28% to 4% (in order) of the studies. In addition, the components of energy consumption, pollution emissions, climate change, natural resources, deforestation, natural hazards, waste production, water resource reduction, soil erosion, sustainability and protection, and biodiversity were the most important components highlighted in relation to environmental issues, ranging from 21 to 2 percent. The majority of studies in this field have been hampered by the lack of a broad and adaptable theoretical framework. Therefore, with a deeper understanding and awareness of the impact mechanism of population dynamics on environmental issues in various dimensions, it is possible to rewrite environmental risk management, energy consumption, pollution reduction, climate change reduction, and environmental protection policies in a novel way. Human population dynamics is the central question of the causes and consequences of environmental changes. As a result, without taking social and demographic changes into account, it is impossible to have an integrated and reliable assessment of future environmental changes in order to manage natural hazards. The current study uses the scoping review method and time study analysis to investigate and evaluate the concept of "environment" in the existing literature in the field of demography from 2000 to 2022. The results revealed that the contribution of these studies increased from 0.5% to 4% during the period. Furthermore, such variables as household dynamics, gender structure, urban population distribution, the effect of migration on the environment, age structure, educational composition, the effect of migration on the environment, and rural population distribution have been covered as the most important demographic components of the effects in 28% to 4% (in order) of the studies. In addition, the components of energy consumption, pollution emissions, climate change, natural resources, deforestation, natural hazards, waste production, water resource reduction, soil erosion, sustainability and protection, and biodiversity were the most important components highlighted in relation to environmental issues, ranging from 21 to 2 percent. The majority of studies in this field have been hampered by the lack of a broad and adaptable theoretical framework. Therefore, with a deeper understanding and awareness of the impact mechanism of population dynamics on environmental issues in various dimensions, it is possible to rewrite environmental risk management, energy consumption, pollution reduction, climate change reduction, and environmental protection policies in a novel way.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91453_8bcbc9243dee3a3d9f873a6ecde4742e.pdf

Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2022 12 22 Analysis of the Relationship Between Earth Surface Temperature and Vegetation in the Formation of Heat Island and its hazards (Case Study: Isfahan Metropolis) Analysis of the Relationship Between Earth Surface Temperature and Vegetation in the Formation of Heat Island and its hazards (Case Study: Isfahan Metropolis) 341 354 91454 10.22059/jhsci.2023.349481.749 FA Zohre Golestani Meteorology, Department of Geography, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Hosein Mohammadi Department of Natural Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Reza Borna Department of Geography, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Farideh Asadian Department of Geography, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 10 04 Urban expansion leads to the creation of urban heat islands, which can create risks for human health and the environment. Knowledge of the state of vegetation, changes in land use and temperature of each region over time is very important and is used in micro and macro planning. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between temperature and vegetation in creating a thermal island in Isfahan city. In this regard, the use of Landsat ETM satellite images during the period of 1990-2019, LST and NDVI indices, and land use were studied and investigated. The results of the investigations show an increase in the size of the city and a decrease in the size of garden lands and marginal pastures of the city. Areas without vegetation are located in the urban area and residential areas and in the southern and eastern heights of Isfahan city. The maximum NDVI index is also in the western and southeastern areas of Isfahan city. The intensity of heat islands is more than other land uses according to the minimum and maximum level and average temperature in urban land and with the increase in the area of residential uses and urban development, the intensity of heat islands has increased. On the other hand, the lowest temperature intensity of heat islands is observed in irrigated agricultural lands and gardens. In general, it can be said that in the city of Isfahan, the high temperature is mostly in the central core of the city, and the surroundings of the city are covered by the middle temperature layer. Low temperatures have also been observed in agricultural use. Parks and urban green spaces also have medium temperature classes due to their proximity to urban uses and being influenced by them. During the studied period, the largest area was related to average temperature and this trend will continue in the coming years. Urban expansion leads to the creation of urban heat islands, which can create risks for human health and the environment. Knowledge of the state of vegetation, changes in land use and temperature of each region over time is very important and is used in micro and macro planning. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between temperature and vegetation in creating a thermal island in Isfahan city. In this regard, the use of Landsat ETM satellite images during the period of 1990-2019, LST and NDVI indices, and land use were studied and investigated. The results of the investigations show an increase in the size of the city and a decrease in the size of garden lands and marginal pastures of the city. Areas without vegetation are located in the urban area and residential areas and in the southern and eastern heights of Isfahan city. The maximum NDVI index is also in the western and southeastern areas of Isfahan city. The intensity of heat islands is more than other land uses according to the minimum and maximum level and average temperature in urban land and with the increase in the area of residential uses and urban development, the intensity of heat islands has increased. On the other hand, the lowest temperature intensity of heat islands is observed in irrigated agricultural lands and gardens. In general, it can be said that in the city of Isfahan, the high temperature is mostly in the central core of the city, and the surroundings of the city are covered by the middle temperature layer. Low temperatures have also been observed in agricultural use. Parks and urban green spaces also have medium temperature classes due to their proximity to urban uses and being influenced by them. During the studied period, the largest area was related to average temperature and this trend will continue in the coming years.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91454_ae60d5853b88d0ec4a1e1875d2337024.pdf

Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2022 12 22 The role of environmental factors in the distribution of rural settlements with emphasis on natural hazards (Case study of Siyhrud basin, Rudbar city, Gilan province) The role of environmental factors in the distribution of rural settlements with emphasis on natural hazards (Case study of Siyhrud basin, Rudbar city, Gilan province) 355 365 91470 10.22059/jhsci.2023.355487.765 FA Behzad Fozoni Vajargah Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Shah Forogh Graduate of Master’s degree in GIS & RS, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ardavan Behzad Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 02 05 Introduction The environmental factors in different regions play the key role for the development of settlements. The rural settlement is affected by these factors too. On the other hand, human beings from the beginning of life up to now have been encountered with a variety of injuries and natural hazards and they have suffered various life and financial injuries [1]. The word natural hazards represent the occasion that our economic development is unacceptably fragile, and is too vulnerable to nature's behavior [2]. The aim of the research is to study the role of environmental factors for the settlement of villages focusing on natural hazards. The research scope is the natural boundary of Siyahrud watershed which is located in Gilan province, Rudbar city. Hence, such a question is raised in this research if natural hazards are considered to the distribution of rural settlements in the basin; which categories of hazards can play the role the most to the destruction of settlements? Material and Methods There have been seven environmental parameters considered in Rural Settlement which are: Altitude, Slope, Aspect, Fault, Soil, Land Use, Rivers and Roads. The effects of each parameter on the settlements investigated, too. Natural hazards were divided into two groups: Earthquake and Mass Movement. The hazard warning distance is considered 1000 meters from the epicenter of the Earthquake. The Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method was used to interpolate the magnitude of the earthquake based on 281 points inside the basin. Aspect, Slope, Fault, Road, River and Geology have been the most effective perimeters in Mass Movement. So, they were overlaid with the 34 occurred- Landslide Points. Consequently, the final output of Landslide Zoning was obtained. Conclusion The result of studies shows that Land Use, Altitude, Slope and Water in the past have played a key role to village settlement while other environmental factors such as Faults, Mass Movements and Geology have not been considered at all. Moreover, Road and Land Use have been considered after the construction of settlements. There are around 15000 people living in distance of 1000 meters from the fault and around 10000 people, 1000 meters from existing Mass Movements in the basin. So, this can be an alarm for the officials of Rudbar city, to renovate rural housing here. Introduction The environmental factors in different regions play the key role for the development of settlements. The rural settlement is affected by these factors too. On the other hand, human beings from the beginning of life up to now have been encountered with a variety of injuries and natural hazards and they have suffered various life and financial injuries [1]. The word natural hazards represent the occasion that our economic development is unacceptably fragile, and is too vulnerable to nature's behavior [2]. The aim of the research is to study the role of environmental factors for the settlement of villages focusing on natural hazards. The research scope is the natural boundary of Siyahrud watershed which is located in Gilan province, Rudbar city. Hence, such a question is raised in this research if natural hazards are considered to the distribution of rural settlements in the basin; which categories of hazards can play the role the most to the destruction of settlements? Material and Methods There have been seven environmental parameters considered in Rural Settlement which are: Altitude, Slope, Aspect, Fault, Soil, Land Use, Rivers and Roads. The effects of each parameter on the settlements investigated, too. Natural hazards were divided into two groups: Earthquake and Mass Movement. The hazard warning distance is considered 1000 meters from the epicenter of the Earthquake. The Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method was used to interpolate the magnitude of the earthquake based on 281 points inside the basin. Aspect, Slope, Fault, Road, River and Geology have been the most effective perimeters in Mass Movement. So, they were overlaid with the 34 occurred- Landslide Points. Consequently, the final output of Landslide Zoning was obtained. Conclusion The result of studies shows that Land Use, Altitude, Slope and Water in the past have played a key role to village settlement while other environmental factors such as Faults, Mass Movements and Geology have not been considered at all. Moreover, Road and Land Use have been considered after the construction of settlements. There are around 15000 people living in distance of 1000 meters from the fault and around 10000 people, 1000 meters from existing Mass Movements in the basin. So, this can be an alarm for the officials of Rudbar city, to renovate rural housing here.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91470_4b6313f3d9e6080a0eba78d3f7045a4e.pdf

Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2022 12 22 Decreasing the Hazards in Routing the Gasoline Fuel Distribution with Applying the Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm under Fuzzy Conditions (Case Study: Bushehr Province) Decreasing the Hazards in Routing the Gasoline Fuel Distribution with Applying the Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm under Fuzzy Conditions (Case Study: Bushehr Province) 367 381 91471 10.22059/jhsci.2023.250533.325 FA Hmaid Shahbandarzadeh Faculty of Business and Economics, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran Afshin Fahimi Faculty of Business and Economics, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran Mohammad Hossein Kabgani Faculty of Business and Economics, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 27 Considering that the transportation of hazardous materials is associated with a very high risk of human, natural and environmental damage, in addition to paying attention to the economic aspects of the routing of hazardous materials, more emphasis should be placed on reducing population and environmental risks. In this research, a multi-objective model was designed for the problem of vehicle routing to distribute gasoline to fuel stations in Bushehr province in fuzzy conditions, and safety considerations were emphasized. Therefore, the goal is to find the shortest route while respecting safety and environmental considerations. Methods: Fuzzy logic was used to calculate the risk of the route and the amount of pollution emitted by gasoline vehicles, and to examine the routes in the GIS software and the natural environment, as well as to collect experts' opinions in the form of a questionnaire. To weight the types of risks and objective functions, the best-worst fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method was used, and to solve the proposed model, the evolutionary algorithm based on improved Pareto intensity was used. Results: Because in many routing models, the assumption of uncertainty of some parameters seems to be an inevitable assumption. The problems of positioning and routing and the optimal allocation of vehicles are one of the important decisions of organizations because with optimal routing and positioning, optimal allocation of vehicles and then determining the optimal number of cars can reduce an important percentage of related costs. The results of this research show that three optimal solutions on the Pareto frontier have been determined according to the three goals of route travel time, route risk, and the amount of environmental pollution caused by fuel distribution for the route. Also, according to the calculation of the optimal weights for each objective function and the calculation of the weighted average for the Pareto optimal solutions, as well as the field investigation of the proposed route in terms of the presence of accident-prone points and the risk of the route, the Pareto optimal solution was first selected as the optimal route. Conclusions: Finally, by solving the model and applying weights to the objective functions based on the experts' opinions, the optimal route was identified and introduced. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine innovation from three aspects: theoretical, technical and practical gaps, which can be mentioned as the strengths of the current research compared to other research. From a theoretical point of view, it has been tried to carry out a relatively comprehensive study of factors affecting the routing of the distribution of hazardous materials (such as gasoline) to determine the optimal route. Also, from the technical point of view, the current research is innovative by focusing on combining fuzzy logic with a multi-objective SPEA2 algorithm. Finally, it has been tried to reduce the practical vacuum of previous research in this field by developing optimal routes. Considering that the transportation of hazardous materials is associated with a very high risk of human, natural and environmental damage, in addition to paying attention to the economic aspects of the routing of hazardous materials, more emphasis should be placed on reducing population and environmental risks. In this research, a multi-objective model was designed for the problem of vehicle routing to distribute gasoline to fuel stations in Bushehr province in fuzzy conditions, and safety considerations were emphasized. Therefore, the goal is to find the shortest route while respecting safety and environmental considerations. Methods: Fuzzy logic was used to calculate the risk of the route and the amount of pollution emitted by gasoline vehicles, and to examine the routes in the GIS software and the natural environment, as well as to collect experts' opinions in the form of a questionnaire. To weight the types of risks and objective functions, the best-worst fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method was used, and to solve the proposed model, the evolutionary algorithm based on improved Pareto intensity was used. Results: Because in many routing models, the assumption of uncertainty of some parameters seems to be an inevitable assumption. The problems of positioning and routing and the optimal allocation of vehicles are one of the important decisions of organizations because with optimal routing and positioning, optimal allocation of vehicles and then determining the optimal number of cars can reduce an important percentage of related costs. The results of this research show that three optimal solutions on the Pareto frontier have been determined according to the three goals of route travel time, route risk, and the amount of environmental pollution caused by fuel distribution for the route. Also, according to the calculation of the optimal weights for each objective function and the calculation of the weighted average for the Pareto optimal solutions, as well as the field investigation of the proposed route in terms of the presence of accident-prone points and the risk of the route, the Pareto optimal solution was first selected as the optimal route. Conclusions: Finally, by solving the model and applying weights to the objective functions based on the experts' opinions, the optimal route was identified and introduced. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine innovation from three aspects: theoretical, technical and practical gaps, which can be mentioned as the strengths of the current research compared to other research. From a theoretical point of view, it has been tried to carry out a relatively comprehensive study of factors affecting the routing of the distribution of hazardous materials (such as gasoline) to determine the optimal route. Also, from the technical point of view, the current research is innovative by focusing on combining fuzzy logic with a multi-objective SPEA2 algorithm. Finally, it has been tried to reduce the practical vacuum of previous research in this field by developing optimal routes.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91471_e3436b79b78e7c470d26012c92ef919a.pdf

Environmental Management Hazards 2423-415X 9 4 2023 03 11 Hazards typology in hazards science (Does hazards science have special types?) Hazards typology in hazards science (Does hazards science have special types?) 383 390 91480 10.22059/jhsci.2023.356665.770 FA Mehdi Zare Department of Engineering Seismology, International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Moghimi Department of natural geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 02 20 The activities of people and societies have increased significantly over the past century and have had a great impact on the natural environment and the living environment of societies and on people collectively or individually. On the other hand, the effect of natural events on the activities of people and societies is increasing. Based on this, the nature of hazards science is to measure the risk effect of these activities and events. The method of producing this article is empirical and historical analysis.It contains the well-known collection of testimonies and complaints of the natural and social environment. Of course, the amount that the authors did not remain unaware of. The question of this article is, what kind of hazards have these activities and events caused, and based on those hazards what types of hazards science has? The answer to this question will cause hazards scientists to be fundamentally and organized and increasingly and more actively engaged in solving and managing social, individual and natural environmental hazards. On the other hand, the contribution of hazards science to the understanding of hazards will be developed. Also, other interested people from other fields of science, who have the opportunity to enter hazards science, should be guided to the field of risk science typology. The activities of people and societies have increased significantly over the past century and have had a great impact on the natural environment and the living environment of societies and on people collectively or individually. On the other hand, the effect of natural events on the activities of people and societies is increasing. Based on this, the nature of hazards science is to measure the risk effect of these activities and events. The method of producing this article is empirical and historical analysis.It contains the well-known collection of testimonies and complaints of the natural and social environment. Of course, the amount that the authors did not remain unaware of. The question of this article is, what kind of hazards have these activities and events caused, and based on those hazards what types of hazards science has? The answer to this question will cause hazards scientists to be fundamentally and organized and increasingly and more actively engaged in solving and managing social, individual and natural environmental hazards. On the other hand, the contribution of hazards science to the understanding of hazards will be developed. Also, other interested people from other fields of science, who have the opportunity to enter hazards science, should be guided to the field of risk science typology.

https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_91480_aeb3613e2922bf9473b7d3667e7bcac4.pdf