Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250617Structural Analysis of the Vulnerability of Areas at Risk of Groundwater Depletion in the Kabudarahang PlainStructural Analysis of the Vulnerability of Areas at Risk of Groundwater Depletion in the Kabudarahang Plain11710253710.22059/jhsci.2025.395280.881FAMojtabaMolaeiDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, IranMamandSalariDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, IranAtefehAhmadi DehrashidDepartment of Climatology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, IranJournal Article20250504Groundwater depletion is one of the most important issues and challenges facing human societies, which has led to increased vulnerability in many places. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of groundwater in the Kabudarahang Plain using spatial analysis methods. The study sampled 400 people selected through stratified random sampling. In order to analyze the data, statistical methods, spatial analysis in GIS software, and structural equation modeling using AMOS software were used. The aim was to analyze the factors affecting groundwater vulnerability. The results showed that the physical component with an affect coefficient of 0.579 had the greatest influence. Identifying the most influential factors using the MCDM lead to the classification of the physical component with the highest weight. Other factors, including the socio- economic and environmental components, were also examined. The lack of reliance on the environment, the emergence of new consumption patterns, and the mismanagement of natural resources all contributed to the spatial analysis of vulnerable areas. The findings emphasized the need for attention to natural districts with high and very high vulnerability levels. In particular, the Sardaran and Hajilo rural districts were identified as having an inappropriate situation.Groundwater depletion is one of the most important issues and challenges facing human societies, which has led to increased vulnerability in many places. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of groundwater in the Kabudarahang Plain using spatial analysis methods. The study sampled 400 people selected through stratified random sampling. In order to analyze the data, statistical methods, spatial analysis in GIS software, and structural equation modeling using AMOS software were used. The aim was to analyze the factors affecting groundwater vulnerability. The results showed that the physical component with an affect coefficient of 0.579 had the greatest influence. Identifying the most influential factors using the MCDM lead to the classification of the physical component with the highest weight. Other factors, including the socio- economic and environmental components, were also examined. The lack of reliance on the environment, the emergence of new consumption patterns, and the mismanagement of natural resources all contributed to the spatial analysis of vulnerable areas. The findings emphasized the need for attention to natural districts with high and very high vulnerability levels. In particular, the Sardaran and Hajilo rural districts were identified as having an inappropriate situation.https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102537_562eabdfa5de0f03b2dd0b6254ce8bc7.pdfEnvironmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250617Cognitive foundations of structural health monitoring
Rereading Capabilities for environmental hazard conditionsCognitive foundations of structural health monitoring
Rereading Capabilities for environmental hazard conditions193410253810.22059/jhsci.2025.394340.878FAMohammadbagherKabirsaberFaculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, IranJournal Article20250429System health management and its sub-discipline, building health monitoring, are efficient engineering concepts that focus on monitoring and evaluating structural systems to optimize their behavior in both normal conditions and environmental hazard events. Monitoring the health of structures and infrastructure is a requirement for the management of progressive societies, as life in these societies depends on advanced structural systems that have been in place for a long time since their design. Since it is not economically feasible to replace these systems with new ones, Effective strategies are developed that facilitate the detection of structural weaknesses and then programming to improve them. The structural health monitoring method is one of the most effective approaches in this field. The importance of this engineering approach is especially important for countries that are at risk of actual and potential natural hazards. Therefore, it is important to conduct targeted research to introduce the principles and concepts of this engineering discipline.
<strong>Method:</strong> This research is qualitative, and in conducting it, the causal method has been adopted to survey the relationships and causes between building health management and the quality of its technical performance.
<strong>Results:</strong> The article begins with an analytical discussion of basic concepts and definitions, aiming to establish a common language for disseminating the subject to the country's scientific and engineering discourses. It also discusses the factors that determine the optimal strategy for applying these concepts, explaining the principle that the building health approach is based on the use of developed techniques for comprehensive structural monitoring and assessment of buildings. In other words, building health management is a set of engineering processes and technologies to improve the safety and reliability of building systems. This article also discusses the point that building health engineering is an efficient method for continuous monitoring of structures and infrastructures that allows for early detection of damage and timely repair and replacement of defective components at the lowest cost. Building health engineering is effective in saving money, time, and improving safety. In addition to these aspects, it leads to increased knowledge about the safety status of buildings, which is an effective factor in improving structural standards as well as the safe design of structures in the future.
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> Structural health monitoring is a management method based on technologies and engineering processes to continuously monitor building systems to improve their safety and reliability. This engineering approach focuses on evaluating the health of structural systems to optimize their behavior both under normal conditions and under environmental hazards. This engineering method is interdisciplinary and is the result of the integration of science and technology, so it is essential to hold discussions in which experts in related fields can express their experiences on the latest scientific and technological achievements. The success of experts in this field is in updating their knowledge by knowing the latest scientific findings related to basic and applied issues in this field.System health management and its sub-discipline, building health monitoring, are efficient engineering concepts that focus on monitoring and evaluating structural systems to optimize their behavior in both normal conditions and environmental hazard events. Monitoring the health of structures and infrastructure is a requirement for the management of progressive societies, as life in these societies depends on advanced structural systems that have been in place for a long time since their design. Since it is not economically feasible to replace these systems with new ones, Effective strategies are developed that facilitate the detection of structural weaknesses and then programming to improve them. The structural health monitoring method is one of the most effective approaches in this field. The importance of this engineering approach is especially important for countries that are at risk of actual and potential natural hazards. Therefore, it is important to conduct targeted research to introduce the principles and concepts of this engineering discipline.
<strong>Method:</strong> This research is qualitative, and in conducting it, the causal method has been adopted to survey the relationships and causes between building health management and the quality of its technical performance.
<strong>Results:</strong> The article begins with an analytical discussion of basic concepts and definitions, aiming to establish a common language for disseminating the subject to the country's scientific and engineering discourses. It also discusses the factors that determine the optimal strategy for applying these concepts, explaining the principle that the building health approach is based on the use of developed techniques for comprehensive structural monitoring and assessment of buildings. In other words, building health management is a set of engineering processes and technologies to improve the safety and reliability of building systems. This article also discusses the point that building health engineering is an efficient method for continuous monitoring of structures and infrastructures that allows for early detection of damage and timely repair and replacement of defective components at the lowest cost. Building health engineering is effective in saving money, time, and improving safety. In addition to these aspects, it leads to increased knowledge about the safety status of buildings, which is an effective factor in improving structural standards as well as the safe design of structures in the future.
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> Structural health monitoring is a management method based on technologies and engineering processes to continuously monitor building systems to improve their safety and reliability. This engineering approach focuses on evaluating the health of structural systems to optimize their behavior both under normal conditions and under environmental hazards. This engineering method is interdisciplinary and is the result of the integration of science and technology, so it is essential to hold discussions in which experts in related fields can express their experiences on the latest scientific and technological achievements. The success of experts in this field is in updating their knowledge by knowing the latest scientific findings related to basic and applied issues in this field.https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102538_ae6fd0818260e145dc9e1462d05f8b3c.pdfEnvironmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250617Possibility assessment of criminalization of zemiology in Iranian law To reduce risksPossibility assessment of criminalization of zemiology in Iranian law To reduce risks355010253910.22059/jhsci.2025.394102.876FAMohammad JavadFathiAssociate Prof Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of law, University of Tehran, Fariba Qom, Iran0000-0003-2719-6552Mohammad IbrahimShams NatariProf Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran Fariba, Qom, IranParvizNaseriPhD. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran Fariba, Qom, IranJournal Article20250425According to the founders of the zemiology, crime is defined based on decisions and criteria Determined by the government and often involves the offender and the victim, while Attention to severe social risks that damage the most vital social values of a society or a nation and expose individuals to victimization on a larger scale than crime, it is of the greatest importance. Since most of the behaviors that create these risks are not subject to criminal regulation, criminology cannot study them in detail. Zemiology goes beyond the formal and conventional concepts of crime, attempt to criminalize these risky behaviors, and bases any method of crime control on a correct understanding of its fundamental social, cultural, political, and economic causes. The research method in this fundamental research article is analytical-descriptive and qualitative, and its compilation is the result of studying, analyzing, and comparing materials after extracting them from documented and extracted from interior and foreign scientific sources, including books, journals, and articles. The research findings show that, On the one hand, in some countries, government actions and omissions lead to many social harms, and in many cases, despite the ability to apply the law by governments, they are silent in front of the perpetrators and ignore their prosecution and trial. on the other hand, the existence of inappropriate political-social conditions and contexts, special characteristics, and the lack of criminalization of most behaviors that cause widespread social risks in our country have led to the spread of these harms and the lack of prosecution and conviction of their perpetrators, in such a way that the physical and vital integrity of citizens and the fundamental and social values of society have been overshadowed. The need to criminalize behaviors that cause widespread social risks and the need to protect citizens from these behaviors prompts our country's legislator to enact criminal regulations for these behaviors without realizing a specific result and in order to avoid possible future results. Taking this issue into account is an expression of an efficient criminal policy and a measure of legislative progress in a legal system, so that this important issue has led the legislators of most countries to criminalize risky behaviors without the need for the realization of its result in order to ensure the security and welfare of citizens and protect public interests. This regulation can guarantee and ensure the basic and fundamental values of society and the security and welfare of citizens.According to the founders of the zemiology, crime is defined based on decisions and criteria Determined by the government and often involves the offender and the victim, while Attention to severe social risks that damage the most vital social values of a society or a nation and expose individuals to victimization on a larger scale than crime, it is of the greatest importance. Since most of the behaviors that create these risks are not subject to criminal regulation, criminology cannot study them in detail. Zemiology goes beyond the formal and conventional concepts of crime, attempt to criminalize these risky behaviors, and bases any method of crime control on a correct understanding of its fundamental social, cultural, political, and economic causes. The research method in this fundamental research article is analytical-descriptive and qualitative, and its compilation is the result of studying, analyzing, and comparing materials after extracting them from documented and extracted from interior and foreign scientific sources, including books, journals, and articles. The research findings show that, On the one hand, in some countries, government actions and omissions lead to many social harms, and in many cases, despite the ability to apply the law by governments, they are silent in front of the perpetrators and ignore their prosecution and trial. on the other hand, the existence of inappropriate political-social conditions and contexts, special characteristics, and the lack of criminalization of most behaviors that cause widespread social risks in our country have led to the spread of these harms and the lack of prosecution and conviction of their perpetrators, in such a way that the physical and vital integrity of citizens and the fundamental and social values of society have been overshadowed. The need to criminalize behaviors that cause widespread social risks and the need to protect citizens from these behaviors prompts our country's legislator to enact criminal regulations for these behaviors without realizing a specific result and in order to avoid possible future results. Taking this issue into account is an expression of an efficient criminal policy and a measure of legislative progress in a legal system, so that this important issue has led the legislators of most countries to criminalize risky behaviors without the need for the realization of its result in order to ensure the security and welfare of citizens and protect public interests. This regulation can guarantee and ensure the basic and fundamental values of society and the security and welfare of citizens.https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102539_2d45ce2066ef8d64dedb0a6d60536cbd.pdfEnvironmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250617Landslide Risk Zoning Using Machine Learning Algorithm Modeling Technique (Case Study: Izeh County)Landslide Risk Zoning Using Machine Learning Algorithm Modeling Technique (Case Study: Izeh County)516410260010.22059/jhsci.2025.394488.879FALeilaEbrahimiDepartment of Geography, Cha.C.Islamic Azad University, Chalous, IranMaryamIlanlooDepartment of Geography, Mahs.C. Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, IranJournal Article20250501<strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong> Landslide risk zoning can be an effective reference for natural hazard reduction and land use planning, but the modeling process involves multidisciplinary knowledge, which leads to its complexity. This research aims to zoning landslide risk in Izeh County using the MLR machine learning algorithm modeling technique.
<strong>Method</strong>: In this study, modeling was applied by considering fourteen predictors. Thematic layers of all predictors and landslides were prepared in ArcMap 10.8, SAGA-GIS 9.0.1, Rstudio, ENVI 5.6, and mainly from DEM-based derivatives and field data to prepare predictor data layers.
<strong>Results</strong>: The modeling results showed that the MLR algorithm, with a kappa coefficient of 0.9711, RMSE of 0.0102, and R² of 0.9812, has a very accurate performance in predicting and explaining landslide risk. These figures indicate a high agreement between the actual and predicted values and a high explanatory power of the model. Among the identified effective factors, distance from roads (with an importance coefficient of 0.73), slope (0.62), geology (0.54), and distance from the river (0.42) had the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides. Also, pressure from road construction, radiation direction, increasing slope, and the soft nature of Gachsaran rocks, marl, and Quaternary sediments were identified as factors that exacerbate slope instability. In contrast, faults, elevation, and topographic moisture index have shown a reducing or neutral effect on the occurrence of landslides. Based on the hazard zoning map produced by the MLR model, about 21.7 percent of the area (equivalent to 96,905 hectares) is in the "hazardous" class and 15.3 percent (20,338 hectares) is in the "very hazardous" class.
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> This indicates that a significant part of the region, especially the southern regions, is highly susceptible to landslides, which doubles the need for preventive management measures<strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong> Landslide risk zoning can be an effective reference for natural hazard reduction and land use planning, but the modeling process involves multidisciplinary knowledge, which leads to its complexity. This research aims to zoning landslide risk in Izeh County using the MLR machine learning algorithm modeling technique.
<strong>Method</strong>: In this study, modeling was applied by considering fourteen predictors. Thematic layers of all predictors and landslides were prepared in ArcMap 10.8, SAGA-GIS 9.0.1, Rstudio, ENVI 5.6, and mainly from DEM-based derivatives and field data to prepare predictor data layers.
<strong>Results</strong>: The modeling results showed that the MLR algorithm, with a kappa coefficient of 0.9711, RMSE of 0.0102, and R² of 0.9812, has a very accurate performance in predicting and explaining landslide risk. These figures indicate a high agreement between the actual and predicted values and a high explanatory power of the model. Among the identified effective factors, distance from roads (with an importance coefficient of 0.73), slope (0.62), geology (0.54), and distance from the river (0.42) had the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides. Also, pressure from road construction, radiation direction, increasing slope, and the soft nature of Gachsaran rocks, marl, and Quaternary sediments were identified as factors that exacerbate slope instability. In contrast, faults, elevation, and topographic moisture index have shown a reducing or neutral effect on the occurrence of landslides. Based on the hazard zoning map produced by the MLR model, about 21.7 percent of the area (equivalent to 96,905 hectares) is in the "hazardous" class and 15.3 percent (20,338 hectares) is in the "very hazardous" class.
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> This indicates that a significant part of the region, especially the southern regions, is highly susceptible to landslides, which doubles the need for preventive management measureshttps://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102600_458ede694fafe1111a3fcd73a4ba6cfc.pdfEnvironmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250707Identification and analysis of the temporal-spatial trend of heat waves in TehranIdentification and analysis of the temporal-spatial trend of heat waves in Tehran658010265310.22059/jhsci.2025.389996.865FAAbazarEsmaeili MahmoudabadiPhD Student at climatology, Physical Geography Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6465, Tehran, IranAliakbarShamsipourAssociate Professor, Physical Geography Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6465, Tehran, IranHoseinMohammadiFull Professor, Physical Geography Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6465, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250205Heat waves are one of the most important climate hazards today that devastate major cities worldwide. This study aims to explain the frequency, temporal distribution, continuity, and identification of the trend of their occurrence in Tehran, which was extracted using statistical methods and daily maximum temperature data from Tehran synoptic stations for a 30-year statistical period (1994-2023). First, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall method was used to identify the variability and monthly, seasonal, and annual trends of maximum temperatures. Then, percentile indices (95th and 99th) were used to identify its intensity, duration, and frequency. The study results showed that the frequency of short-term heat waves (two and three days) was higher. The highest frequency was related to the 2-day heat wave, which is more frequent at the geophysical station. The share of waves lasting 7 days or more was associated with a lower frequency. The highest frequency of seasonal events is also in autumn. The highest duration of heat waves was at Chitgar stations with 13 consecutive days in summer; Shemiran with 11 days in winter; Geophysics and Mehrabad with 10 and 9 days in autumn, spring and winter. The highest occurrence of heat waves was in Shemiran with 890 and the lowest in Mehrabad with 775 cases. Analysis of the trend indicates an increasing trend of heat wave occurrence in all seasons of the year. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of climate change in the region has led to the weakening of temperate latitude systems and the entry of warm masses from southern latitudes into the region. Its importance is in changing the type of precipitation from solid to liquid, reducing snow storage in highlands and destructive changes in plant phenology and the possibility of frost damage with late frosts for horticultural crops.Heat waves are one of the most important climate hazards today that devastate major cities worldwide. This study aims to explain the frequency, temporal distribution, continuity, and identification of the trend of their occurrence in Tehran, which was extracted using statistical methods and daily maximum temperature data from Tehran synoptic stations for a 30-year statistical period (1994-2023). First, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall method was used to identify the variability and monthly, seasonal, and annual trends of maximum temperatures. Then, percentile indices (95th and 99th) were used to identify its intensity, duration, and frequency. The study results showed that the frequency of short-term heat waves (two and three days) was higher. The highest frequency was related to the 2-day heat wave, which is more frequent at the geophysical station. The share of waves lasting 7 days or more was associated with a lower frequency. The highest frequency of seasonal events is also in autumn. The highest duration of heat waves was at Chitgar stations with 13 consecutive days in summer; Shemiran with 11 days in winter; Geophysics and Mehrabad with 10 and 9 days in autumn, spring and winter. The highest occurrence of heat waves was in Shemiran with 890 and the lowest in Mehrabad with 775 cases. Analysis of the trend indicates an increasing trend of heat wave occurrence in all seasons of the year. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of climate change in the region has led to the weakening of temperate latitude systems and the entry of warm masses from southern latitudes into the region. Its importance is in changing the type of precipitation from solid to liquid, reducing snow storage in highlands and destructive changes in plant phenology and the possibility of frost damage with late frosts for horticultural crops.https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102653_d3a141229f94a4010918436cfe758736.pdfEnvironmental Management Hazards2423-415X12120250707Climate Anxiety: An Emerging Mental Health Concern in the Face of the Environmental HazardsClimate Anxiety: An Emerging Mental Health Concern in the Face of the Environmental Hazards819410265410.22059/jhsci.2025.396172.883FAMahtabMotamedAssistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychaitry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250527In recent decades, climate change has not only imposed widespread environmental and economic consequences but has also had profound effects on human mental health. One of the most significant psychological manifestations of this hazard is the emerging phenomenon known as climate anxiety—a persistent and often debilitating concern about the planet’s future, ecological destruction, and a perceived lack of personal or collective power to address environmental threats. Climate anxiety is influenced by various factors, including age, education level, environmental awareness, sense of agency, emotional connection to nature, and personal experiences of climate-related disasters. Despite growing scientific evidence, public understanding of the threats posed by climate change remains limited, vague, or unstable. Cognitive biases such as optimism bias, psychological distancing, and shifting baselines contribute to widespread denial or minimization of the hazards. Furthermore, climate change—as a gradual, complex, and abstract phenomenon without a clearly defined enemy or endpoint—does not align with the human brain’s natural threat-detection mechanisms. This makes it difficult for individuals to perceive it as an immediate and actionable danger. Public awareness campaigns, especially those relying on fear-based or catastrophic messaging, have largely failed to produce lasting behavioral change. Factors such as fear fatigue, feelings of helplessness, and lack of practical, realistic solutions have caused these messages to backfire. As a result, there is a growing need for more effective communication strategies—ones that emphasize empowerment, shared responsibility, meaningful engagement, and emotional resonance rather than solely inducing fear. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the criticisms directed at the concept of climate change itself. Certain groups or ideological movements view the climate narrative as politicized, biased, or exaggerated. In contexts shaped by historical experiences of colonization, exploitation, or power imbalances, such skepticism can fuel public mistrust and resistance toward scientific messaging. In sum, climate anxiety reflects a real psychological response to an ongoing global hazard. However, it is also shaped by the cognitive limitations of the human mind, perceptual biases, communication failures, and socio-cultural dynamics. Addressing it effectively requires a multidimensional approach—one that simultaneously considers psychological well-being, improves message framing, and rebuilds public trust in environmental discourse.In recent decades, climate change has not only imposed widespread environmental and economic consequences but has also had profound effects on human mental health. One of the most significant psychological manifestations of this hazard is the emerging phenomenon known as climate anxiety—a persistent and often debilitating concern about the planet’s future, ecological destruction, and a perceived lack of personal or collective power to address environmental threats. Climate anxiety is influenced by various factors, including age, education level, environmental awareness, sense of agency, emotional connection to nature, and personal experiences of climate-related disasters. Despite growing scientific evidence, public understanding of the threats posed by climate change remains limited, vague, or unstable. Cognitive biases such as optimism bias, psychological distancing, and shifting baselines contribute to widespread denial or minimization of the hazards. Furthermore, climate change—as a gradual, complex, and abstract phenomenon without a clearly defined enemy or endpoint—does not align with the human brain’s natural threat-detection mechanisms. This makes it difficult for individuals to perceive it as an immediate and actionable danger. Public awareness campaigns, especially those relying on fear-based or catastrophic messaging, have largely failed to produce lasting behavioral change. Factors such as fear fatigue, feelings of helplessness, and lack of practical, realistic solutions have caused these messages to backfire. As a result, there is a growing need for more effective communication strategies—ones that emphasize empowerment, shared responsibility, meaningful engagement, and emotional resonance rather than solely inducing fear. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the criticisms directed at the concept of climate change itself. Certain groups or ideological movements view the climate narrative as politicized, biased, or exaggerated. In contexts shaped by historical experiences of colonization, exploitation, or power imbalances, such skepticism can fuel public mistrust and resistance toward scientific messaging. In sum, climate anxiety reflects a real psychological response to an ongoing global hazard. However, it is also shaped by the cognitive limitations of the human mind, perceptual biases, communication failures, and socio-cultural dynamics. Addressing it effectively requires a multidimensional approach—one that simultaneously considers psychological well-being, improves message framing, and rebuilds public trust in environmental discourse.https://jhsci.ut.ac.ir/article_102654_984bc5f691b99ccb9bb42164c793f557.pdf