Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923extensive social hazards in the transition of schools and ideas of criminal law and criminologyextensive social hazards in the transition of schools and ideas of criminal law and criminology2752895606710.22059/jhsci.2015.56067FABahmanShahriariMohammad EbrahimShams NateriJournal Article20151022Abstract <br />Widespread social hazards include a wide range of problems and dilemmas that each of them can cause undesirable effects on various aspects of human individual and social life as well as its different values and rights. History, Background and literature of identifying hazards in rights can be explored in two historic and contemporary parts. In historic period, one can study two approaches of nineteenth and twentieth century. As the first theoretician in this field, Durkheim while criticizing Lombroso’s opinions on determinism of crime occurrence and criminal’s inner orientation toward crime, suggested that crime is the product of the societies where one of its organizations is faced with troubles. In the following and with an attitude toward opinions and doctrines raised in twentieth century, socialism theoreticians believed that crime is the result of capitalism, social injustices and unfair distribution of wealth. Hence, they believed in a kind of economic determinism. Another remarkable approach was social reaction criminology. In this doctrine, crime controlling and combating institutions were also discussed and studies were directed from victims and criminals toward the institutions. Ultimately, radical criminology, in an ideological form, established a discussion of crime beyond the debates ruling in criminal law systems and opened a way for more radical views in twenty one century. The contemporary approach with a new point of view toward hazards, by emphasizing more clearly on what was mentioned before under the ideas of gemologists, and by criticizing strongly the limited definition of crime, suggested that the reason of many difficulties and hazards in human life is the behaviors leading to these hazards, behaviors that has never been considered properly in criminal law and has never been criminalized. So, they believed instead of studying crime, the social hazards should be discussed. Hence, the ideas raised by this doctrine can be introduced as a clear example of studying hazards in laws.Abstract <br />Widespread social hazards include a wide range of problems and dilemmas that each of them can cause undesirable effects on various aspects of human individual and social life as well as its different values and rights. History, Background and literature of identifying hazards in rights can be explored in two historic and contemporary parts. In historic period, one can study two approaches of nineteenth and twentieth century. As the first theoretician in this field, Durkheim while criticizing Lombroso’s opinions on determinism of crime occurrence and criminal’s inner orientation toward crime, suggested that crime is the product of the societies where one of its organizations is faced with troubles. In the following and with an attitude toward opinions and doctrines raised in twentieth century, socialism theoreticians believed that crime is the result of capitalism, social injustices and unfair distribution of wealth. Hence, they believed in a kind of economic determinism. Another remarkable approach was social reaction criminology. In this doctrine, crime controlling and combating institutions were also discussed and studies were directed from victims and criminals toward the institutions. Ultimately, radical criminology, in an ideological form, established a discussion of crime beyond the debates ruling in criminal law systems and opened a way for more radical views in twenty one century. The contemporary approach with a new point of view toward hazards, by emphasizing more clearly on what was mentioned before under the ideas of gemologists, and by criticizing strongly the limited definition of crime, suggested that the reason of many difficulties and hazards in human life is the behaviors leading to these hazards, behaviors that has never been considered properly in criminal law and has never been criminalized. So, they believed instead of studying crime, the social hazards should be discussed. Hence, the ideas raised by this doctrine can be introduced as a clear example of studying hazards in laws.Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923disasters and responsibility of state in national and international lawdisasters and responsibility of state in national and international law2913055606810.22059/jhsci.2015.56068FABagherShamlooAssociate professor , ,Department of Law ,Shahid Beheshti Univercity, , IranAbolfazlYusefiJournal Article20151105Damages caused by disasters in the case of dealing public power with public emergency lead to codification of appropriate legal arrangements to respond the situation properly. In one hand, monitoring government’s measures to prevent misuse of public power endangering individual right in critical times is necessary. On the other hand, public officials’ violations of rule of law principles at crisis lead to their responsibility. Most important standards regarding facing public emergency which should be abided by government are: recognition of exceptional threat based on reasonable circumstances, necessity and proportionality of measures, temporary feature of given measures and non-discrimination in exceptional measures’ implementation and also, violations of government or public officials in national and international cause responsibility.Damages caused by disasters in the case of dealing public power with public emergency lead to codification of appropriate legal arrangements to respond the situation properly. In one hand, monitoring government’s measures to prevent misuse of public power endangering individual right in critical times is necessary. On the other hand, public officials’ violations of rule of law principles at crisis lead to their responsibility. Most important standards regarding facing public emergency which should be abided by government are: recognition of exceptional threat based on reasonable circumstances, necessity and proportionality of measures, temporary feature of given measures and non-discrimination in exceptional measures’ implementation and also, violations of government or public officials in national and international cause responsibility.Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923Super heavy rainfall‚ 104mm‚on 14 identification of synoptic and thermodynamic of March 2014 manufactures destructive flood in Bandarabbas town shipSuper heavy rainfall‚ 104mm‚on 14 identification of synoptic and thermodynamic of March 2014 manufactures destructive flood in Bandarabbas town ship3073245606910.22059/jhsci.2015.56069FAMahmoodAhmadiAssistant Professor of Climatology shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Earth SciencesFarzaneJafariPhD student Synoptic climatology, shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Earth SciencesJournal Article20150719Super heavy rains and abnormal floods in dry areas with low rainfall and sparse vegetation in most cases‚ led to occurrence of unpredictable heavy flooding and every year create a lot of damage in the sector of infrastructure‚ construction and agriculture for half southern of Iran. In this paper was paid to synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of super heavy rainfall 104 mm leads to flooding on 14 March‚ 2014.equivalent to 23 ESFAND‚1392 in Bandarabbas. First mentioned precipitation‚ was detected from ground stations. And then using data from the upper atmosphere and associated mapping‚ was analyzed super heavy rainfall in Bandarabbas. Existence of Sudan low pressure with axis of south west-north east on south of Iran and stretching of very deep trough with axis of Northern-Southern on Iran‚ Iraq‚ Arabia and the Red sea in the middle and upper levels of atmosphere and located area of the study in front of the trough‚ top side weather at all levels that led to rising air and instability. And located area of the study on the left side of jet stream core output‚ led to increase instability and create unstable atmospheric conditions for the township of Bandarabbas. The main sources of humidity super heavy rainfall Bandarabbas levels 1000 and 850 hp are the Arab and Oman sea but in thr levels of 700and 500 hp‚ Red sea‚ Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden.Super heavy rains and abnormal floods in dry areas with low rainfall and sparse vegetation in most cases‚ led to occurrence of unpredictable heavy flooding and every year create a lot of damage in the sector of infrastructure‚ construction and agriculture for half southern of Iran. In this paper was paid to synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of super heavy rainfall 104 mm leads to flooding on 14 March‚ 2014.equivalent to 23 ESFAND‚1392 in Bandarabbas. First mentioned precipitation‚ was detected from ground stations. And then using data from the upper atmosphere and associated mapping‚ was analyzed super heavy rainfall in Bandarabbas. Existence of Sudan low pressure with axis of south west-north east on south of Iran and stretching of very deep trough with axis of Northern-Southern on Iran‚ Iraq‚ Arabia and the Red sea in the middle and upper levels of atmosphere and located area of the study in front of the trough‚ top side weather at all levels that led to rising air and instability. And located area of the study on the left side of jet stream core output‚ led to increase instability and create unstable atmospheric conditions for the township of Bandarabbas. The main sources of humidity super heavy rainfall Bandarabbas levels 1000 and 850 hp are the Arab and Oman sea but in thr levels of 700and 500 hp‚ Red sea‚ Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden.Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923The nature of criminological behaviors which lead into hazards in new-emergent ZemiologyThe nature of criminological behaviors which lead into hazards in new-emergent Zemiology3253395627010.22059/jhsci.2015.56270FAMohammad EbrahimShams NateriFaculty, University of TehranBahmanShahryariGraduate, Criminal Laws and Criminology, University of TehranJournal Article20151022Abstract <br />Following to criminological schools especially radical criminology, one can introduce zemiology as a school in 21st century which attempts to define the roots of many criminal laws deficiencies and failure of criminology in curbing and controlling crimes as the limitation and constricts of criminology and to replace pure attention to crime with attention to broad social harms and hazards and behaviors which lead to it. One can look for behaviors which lead into hazards in broad circle of behaviors as the origination of some difficulties and disorders broadly in a serious and macro level and, in many cases, they leave damages too heavier than conventional crimes. The first step in this way is to provide a comprehensive and thorough definition on abovementioned behaviors which open the doors to recognize the nature of behaviors capable to enter into this circle. All these cases would pave the way to recognize a classic pillar of crime namely crime material pillar with regard to those behaviors to which we address. Such behaviors involve many different and varied actions and leave of actions that latency of behavior, intangibility of harm at the beginning and diversity of harms along with a time span between behavior occurrence and harm expose are seen as important characteristics of these behaviors. Concerning the committers of such behaviors, it should be noted that in terms of the nature of such individuals’ personality, these behaviors are capable to be exposed by legal persons – either public or private laws – for different reasons and by similar or different goals while, in contrary, among the victims, there should be both natural and legal persons as losers of such behaviors.Abstract <br />Following to criminological schools especially radical criminology, one can introduce zemiology as a school in 21st century which attempts to define the roots of many criminal laws deficiencies and failure of criminology in curbing and controlling crimes as the limitation and constricts of criminology and to replace pure attention to crime with attention to broad social harms and hazards and behaviors which lead to it. One can look for behaviors which lead into hazards in broad circle of behaviors as the origination of some difficulties and disorders broadly in a serious and macro level and, in many cases, they leave damages too heavier than conventional crimes. The first step in this way is to provide a comprehensive and thorough definition on abovementioned behaviors which open the doors to recognize the nature of behaviors capable to enter into this circle. All these cases would pave the way to recognize a classic pillar of crime namely crime material pillar with regard to those behaviors to which we address. Such behaviors involve many different and varied actions and leave of actions that latency of behavior, intangibility of harm at the beginning and diversity of harms along with a time span between behavior occurrence and harm expose are seen as important characteristics of these behaviors. Concerning the committers of such behaviors, it should be noted that in terms of the nature of such individuals’ personality, these behaviors are capable to be exposed by legal persons – either public or private laws – for different reasons and by similar or different goals while, in contrary, among the victims, there should be both natural and legal persons as losers of such behaviors.Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923Rural adaptation strategies to drought, case study: Pshtang Village in Ravansar townshipRural adaptation strategies to drought, case study: Pshtang Village in Ravansar township3413545627110.22059/jhsci.2015.56271FAHasanAfrakhtehProfessor, Geography & Rural Planning, Kharzmi University, Tehran,IranFarhadAzizpurAssistant Professor , Geography & Rural Planning, Kharzmi University, Tehran,IranAsgarTahmasebiAssistant , Geography & Rural Planning, Khwarizmi University, Tehran,IranAdelSulaimanyPhd Student, Geography & Rural Planning, Kharazmi University,Tehran,IranJournal Article20151031Continuous droughts have facing villagers and farmers with various vulnerabilities and challenges. In this regard, villagers choose special local and specific strategies in confrontation of this creeping disaster in order to improve their adaptive capacity about drought. With respect to the importance of identification of common strategies of adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of the villagers about this natural phenomenon, the main purpose of this study is to explain the adaptation strategies of villagers to cope with the vulnerability of the drought in Pshtang Village from Ravansar township, that has been done by combination of qualitative research methods (PRA and Grounded Theory). The key informants of the village were selected to refer for purposeful sampling. Using participatory techniques including transact walking, land use mapping, tree problem, matrix ranking, focus groups and semi-structured conversation, data was collected. Open coding, axial and selective coding was utilized as the basis of data analysis. The findings revealed that the most current adaptive capacity of rural households to drought can be categorized into five conceptual categories include social, economic, institutional, technical support and communication strategies.Continuous droughts have facing villagers and farmers with various vulnerabilities and challenges. In this regard, villagers choose special local and specific strategies in confrontation of this creeping disaster in order to improve their adaptive capacity about drought. With respect to the importance of identification of common strategies of adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of the villagers about this natural phenomenon, the main purpose of this study is to explain the adaptation strategies of villagers to cope with the vulnerability of the drought in Pshtang Village from Ravansar township, that has been done by combination of qualitative research methods (PRA and Grounded Theory). The key informants of the village were selected to refer for purposeful sampling. Using participatory techniques including transact walking, land use mapping, tree problem, matrix ranking, focus groups and semi-structured conversation, data was collected. Open coding, axial and selective coding was utilized as the basis of data analysis. The findings revealed that the most current adaptive capacity of rural households to drought can be categorized into five conceptual categories include social, economic, institutional, technical support and communication strategies.Environmental Management Hazards2423-415X2320150923Modeling of Hydraulic Behavior of Kashkan River and Determination of Floodplain Limits Using HEC-Geo-RASModeling of Hydraulic Behavior of Kashkan River and Determination of Floodplain Limits Using HEC-Geo-RAS3553695810210.22059/jhsci.2015.58102FASeiyed MossaHosseiniAssistant Professor, Physical Geography Dept., University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMansourJafar-BeigluAssociate Professor, Physical Geography Dept., University of Tehran, Tehran, IranFatemehGeravandResearch Assistant, Physical Geography Dept., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20151116Prediction, controlling, and reduction of the flood plain have crucial role in integrating watershed management. The flood damage analysis and designing control plans need to identify floodplain limits around the main river according to different return periods. Kashkan River in Lorestan province has been challenged frequently by dangerous floods. Since numerous villages and also agricultural lands are existed near the both sides of the river, they are exposed in flooding hazard. The aim of this study is preparing the floodplain maps of this river for a reach length of 5000 m using HEC-Geo-RAS for different return periods. For this purpose, digital elevation map (DEM) with scale of 1:150, topographic map with scale of 1:50000, cross-sections geometry, and peak discharge data recorded in the hydrometric station in upstream of the reach were incorporated. The peak discharge corresponding to return periods 2- to 1000-years are estimated as 227 to 5000 m<sup>3</sup>/s using fitting a three parameters person distribution. Simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the Kashkan River using the HEC-RAS model indicates that the floodplain area for discharge with return period 25-years are 75% of one obtained for 1000-years. Additionally, the floodplain area for the upstream of the study reach is greater than the other where. This reveals that construction of the villages and changing the land use in the river borders threaten with low period floods (e.g. 25-years).
Prediction, controlling, and reduction of the flood plain have crucial role in integrating watershed management. The flood damage analysis and designing control plans need to identify floodplain limits around the main river according to different return periods. Kashkan River in Lorestan province has been challenged frequently by dangerous floods. Since numerous villages and also agricultural lands are existed near the both sides of the river, they are exposed in flooding hazard. The aim of this study is preparing the floodplain maps of this river for a reach length of 5000 m using HEC-Geo-RAS for different return periods. For this purpose, digital elevation map (DEM) with scale of 1:150, topographic map with scale of 1:50000, cross-sections geometry, and peak discharge data recorded in the hydrometric station in upstream of the reach were incorporated. The peak discharge corresponding to return periods 2- to 1000-years are estimated as 227 to 5000 m<sup>3</sup>/s using fitting a three parameters person distribution. Simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the Kashkan River using the HEC-RAS model indicates that the floodplain area for discharge with return period 25-years are 75% of one obtained for 1000-years. Additionally, the floodplain area for the upstream of the study reach is greater than the other where. This reveals that construction of the villages and changing the land use in the river borders threaten with low period floods (e.g. 25-years).