Document Type : Applied Article
Authors
1
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran
2
Socio-Economic and Extension Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran
10.22059/jhsci.2025.398222.887
Abstract
In recent decades, land subsidence has emerged as a critical environmental and management challenge in Iran’s arid and semi-arid regions. Primarily caused by excessive groundwater extraction, subsidence poses risks far beyond agriculture, threatening water security, infrastructure stability, ecological balance, and community resilience. This study aims to develop a paradigmatic model of the factors influencing land subsidence in Zanjan Province, emphasizing managerial, natural, and human dimensions with special attention to the role of weak water governance. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 experts in the field. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA software based on a paradigmatic framework comprising causal, intervening, and contextual conditions. The findings reveal that land subsidence results from the complex interplay of multiple drivers. Causal factors include unsustainable groundwater withdrawal, lack of integrated water planning, and weak law enforcement. Intervening factors such as variable climate conditions, geological features, and socio-economic pressures like rural unemployment and low groundwater costs further intensify the problem. Contextual conditions including unstable governance structures, poor inter-agency coordination, low community participation, and insufficient infrastructure accelerate the spread of this hazard. Addressing land subsidence requires a comprehensive strategy rooted in sustainable water resource management. Key recommendations include implementing effective groundwater monitoring, promoting water-efficient irrigation, strengthening institutional capacities, enforcing relevant regulations, and enhancing community awareness and involvement. These insights provide a valuable foundation for developing policies and practical measures to mitigate land subsidence and protect groundwater resources nationwide.
Keywords