Document Type : Applied Article
Authors
1
PhD in Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2
PhD Candidate in Futures Studies, Faculty of Governance, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Governance, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22059/jhsci.2025.397780.885
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to diagnose the systemic failures of Tehran's physical hazards management system. Complex metropolises like Tehran face fundamental challenges and structural inefficiencies in managing physical hazards, a reality tragically underscored by incidents like the collapse of the Plasco building. More than isolated events, such catastrophes are symptomatic of a broader systemic breakdown. This research argues for a critical shift from the traditional “management” paradigm to a modern “governance” approach for urban hazards. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated, systemic analytical framework, which examines these challenges not in isolation but as an interconnected “system of issues”.
Method: Adopting an interpretivist and qualitative approach, this research utilizes systematic qualitative content analysis of key national documents, including the official national report on the Plasco incident and a parliamentary research center report, as well as relevant specialized academic articles. The analysis involved open coding, categorizing codes into organizing themes, and extracting global themes to construct the final “system of issues” framework.
Results: The analysis reveals that the inefficiency of Tehran’s physical hazards management is a systemic dysfunction rooted in five key areas: 1) legal and legislative Issues (e.g., weak deterrence of laws); 2) institutional Issues (e.g., lack of a coordinating body and the income-safety paradox); 3) economic Issues (e.g., absence of financial institutions); 4) socio-technological Issues (e.g., a weak public safety culture); and 5) physical and technical Issues (e.g., environmental degradation). These issues form an intricate network, reinforcing and perpetuating one another.
Conclusions: The study's main contribution is its systematic identification of the failures in physical hazards management and their underlying causes. It demonstrates that the traditional, hierarchical, and fragmented “hazards management” approach is no longer adequate for Tehran's current complexities. Moving beyond the vicious cycle of insecurity requires a fundamental paradigm shift to “physical hazards governance,” based on integration, network participation, transparency, and accountability principles.
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